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Abstract Introduction The effects of dialectical behavior therapy on generalized anxiety disorder have not been examined to date, whereas cognitive behavioral therapy is a well-known psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Objectives This study investigated the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy versus dialectical behavior therapy on executive function and reduction of symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder. Method In the present study, 72 generalized anxiety disorder patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: dialectical behavior therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy. Evaluations were performed at baseline, post-test, and three months after interventions as a follow-up. Measures included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Tower of London Task, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task.Results: The results of the present study showed that both groups had reduced scores for depression and anxiety and increased scores for executive function after the psychotherapies. These changes were maintained at follow-up. Conclusion Although depression and anxiety symptoms were significantly reduced by cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy was more effective for improving executive function.
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@#Introduction: The aim of this exploratory sequential mixed methods study was to develop an oral presentations assessment tool for postgraduate students’ oral presentations. Methods: First, a literature review and the ideas of 319 experienced professors were used to identify domains and potential items to develop the desired tool. Then the psychometric properties of the preliminary tool were measured using face and content validity, inter-rater agreement and test-retest reliability. Results: The qualitative phase indicated there should be four domains in the developed Oral Presentations Assessment Tool: subject knowledge, delivery, content and organization, and ergonomics, and that items in the developed tool should be weighted according to importance for the efficacy of a presentation. The final version included 19 items across four domains. Mean content validity index and content validity ratio scores were 0.93 and 0.76, respectively. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient for the two evaluation periods was 0.92. The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.78. Conclusion: The Oral Presentations Assessment Tool has appropriate psychometric properties and can be used as a valid and applicable instrument to assess postgraduate students’ oral presentations. Important cognitive factors in oral presentations in the form of an ergonomic domain was included for the first time, as part of this new comprehensive tool.
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Background@#Styrene is one of the aromatic compounds used in acetonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) producing petrochemicals, which has an impact on health of workers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the health risks of styrene emitted from the petrochemical industry in Iran. @*Methods@#Air samples were collected based on NIOSH 1501 method. The samples were analyzed by the Varian-cp3800 gas chromatograph. Finally, risk levels of styrene's health effects on employees were assessed by the quantitative method of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the semiquantitative way by the Singapore Occupational Safety and Health Association. @*Results@#Based on the results, the employees had the highest average exposure to styrene vapors (4.06x10-1 mg.(kg - day)-1) in the polybutadiene latex (PBL) unit. Therefore, the most top predictors of cancer and non-cancer risk were 2.3x10-4 and 7.26x10-1, respectively. Given that the lowest average exposure (1.5x10-2mg.(kg - day)-1) was in the dryer unit, the prediction showed a moderate risk of cancer (0.8x10-6) and non-cancer (2.3x10-3) for the employees. The EPA method also predicted that there would be a definite cancer risk in 16% and a probable risk in 76% of exposures. However, according to the semiquantitative approach, the rate of risk was at the “low” level for all staff. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the units in exposure and health risk of styrene (p < 0.05). @*Conclusion@#Given the high risk of styrene's health effects, appropriate control measures are required to reduce the exposure level.
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Background@#Styrene is one of the aromatic compounds used in acetonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) producing petrochemicals, which has an impact on health of workers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the health risks of styrene emitted from the petrochemical industry in Iran. @*Methods@#Air samples were collected based on NIOSH 1501 method. The samples were analyzed by the Varian-cp3800 gas chromatograph. Finally, risk levels of styrene's health effects on employees were assessed by the quantitative method of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the semiquantitative way by the Singapore Occupational Safety and Health Association. @*Results@#Based on the results, the employees had the highest average exposure to styrene vapors (4.06x10-1 mg.(kg - day)-1) in the polybutadiene latex (PBL) unit. Therefore, the most top predictors of cancer and non-cancer risk were 2.3x10-4 and 7.26x10-1, respectively. Given that the lowest average exposure (1.5x10-2mg.(kg - day)-1) was in the dryer unit, the prediction showed a moderate risk of cancer (0.8x10-6) and non-cancer (2.3x10-3) for the employees. The EPA method also predicted that there would be a definite cancer risk in 16% and a probable risk in 76% of exposures. However, according to the semiquantitative approach, the rate of risk was at the “low” level for all staff. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the units in exposure and health risk of styrene (p < 0.05). @*Conclusion@#Given the high risk of styrene's health effects, appropriate control measures are required to reduce the exposure level.
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This study aimed to utilize structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques to determine the effects of dietary calcium, protein and vitamin D on adiposity and lipidemia and to assess mediatory effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 diabetic patients (93 females and 57 males) were randomly selected. Anthropometric measures, biochemical analyses, and fat mass percent were recorded. Nutritional data were collected. SEM was performed. Based on the primary hypothesis, adiposity and lipidemia were fitted in a model. The direct effects of dietary calcium (λ = –0.165, p value = 0.002) and PTH (λ = –0.143, p value = 0.011) were significantly associated with lipidemia. There were no significant effects for dietary protein on PTH (λ = –0.270, p value = 0.057), 25(OH)D (λ = –0.071, p value = 0.613), lipidemia (λ = –0.044; p value = 0.638) or adiposity (λ = –0.009, p value = 0.949) as well as for dietary vitamin D on PTH (λ = –0.119, p value = 0.194), 25(OH)D (λ = 0.023, p value = 0.806), lipidemia (λ = 0.034, p value = 0.587) or adiposity (λ = –0.221, p value = 0.118). The correlation between calcium intake and lipidemia, and adiposity are not mediated by 25(OH)D and PTH. There were the direct effects of dietary calcium on adiposity in patients with type 2 diabetes. The model can be tested in future longitudinal and intervention studies to identify the predictors of obesity.
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This study aimed to utilize structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques to determine the effects of dietary calcium, protein and vitamin D on adiposity and lipidemia and to assess mediatory effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 diabetic patients (93 females and 57 males) were randomly selected. Anthropometric measures, biochemical analyses, and fat mass percent were recorded. Nutritional data were collected. SEM was performed. Based on the primary hypothesis, adiposity and lipidemia were fitted in a model. The direct effects of dietary calcium (λ = –0.165, p value = 0.002) and PTH (λ = –0.143, p value = 0.011) were significantly associated with lipidemia. There were no significant effects for dietary protein on PTH (λ = –0.270, p value = 0.057), 25(OH)D (λ = –0.071, p value = 0.613), lipidemia (λ = –0.044; p value = 0.638) or adiposity (λ = –0.009, p value = 0.949) as well as for dietary vitamin D on PTH (λ = –0.119, p value = 0.194), 25(OH)D (λ = 0.023, p value = 0.806), lipidemia (λ = 0.034, p value = 0.587) or adiposity (λ = –0.221, p value = 0.118). The correlation between calcium intake and lipidemia, and adiposity are not mediated by 25(OH)D and PTH. There were the direct effects of dietary calcium on adiposity in patients with type 2 diabetes. The model can be tested in future longitudinal and intervention studies to identify the predictors of obesity.
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Aim: The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of dose perturbation due to common dental restoration materials in the head and neck radiotherapy with a 15 MV external photon beam. Setting and Design: Teeth with three dental restorations such as tooth filled with Amalgam, Ni-Cr alloy, and Ceramco were simulated by MCNPX Monte Carlo code. In this simulation, the dental materials were exposed by a 15 MV photon beam from a Siemens Primus linac, inside a water phantom. Materials and Methods: A Siemens Primus linear accelerator and a phantom including: tooth only, tooth with Amalgam, tooth with Ni-Cr alloy, and tooth with Ceramco were simulated by MCNPX Monte Carlo code, separately. The percentage dose change was evaluated relative to dose in water versus depth for these samples on the beam's central axis. The absolute dose by prescription of 100 cGy dose in water phantom at 3.0 cm depth was calculated for water, tooth, tooth with Amalgam, tooth with Ni-Cr alloy, and tooth with Ceramco. Results: The maximum percentage dose change is related to tooth with Ni-Cr alloy, tooth, tooth with Ceramco, and tooth with Amalgam with amounts of 7.73%, 6.95%, 4.7%, and 3.06% relative to water at 0.75 cm depth, respectively. When 100.0 cGy dose was prescribed at 3.1 cm, the maximum absolute dose was 201.0% in the presence of tooth with Ni-Cr alloy at 0.75 cm. Conclusion: Introduction of the compositions of dental restorations can improve the accuracy of dosimetric calculations in treatment planning and protect the healthy tissues surrounding teeth from a considerable overdose
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Abstract Introduction: Cell division cycle-7 protein is a serine/threonine kinase that has a basic role in cell cycle regulation and is a potential prognostic or therapeutic target in some human cancers. Objectives: This study investigated the expression of cell division cycle-7 protein in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors and also its correlation with clinicopathologic factors. Methods: Immunohistochemical expression of cell division cycle-7 was evaluated in 46 cases, including 15 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 12 mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 14 pleomorphic adenoma, and 5 normal salivary glands. Cell division cycle-7 expression rate and intensity were compared statistically. Results: The protein was expressed in almost all tumors. The intensity and mean of cell division cycle-7 expression were higher in malignant tumors in comparison with pleomorphic adenomas (p = 0.000). The protein expression was correlated with tumor grades (p = 0.000). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated cell division cycle-7 overexpression in malignant salivary gland tumors in comparison with pleomorphic adenomas, and also a correlation with tumor differentiation. Therefore, this protein might be a potential prognostic and therapeutic target for salivary gland tumors.
Resumo Introdução: A cell division cycle-7 é uma serina/treonina quinase que tem um papel básico na regulação do ciclo celular e é um potencial marcador prognóstico ou terapêutico em alguns tipos de câncer humano. Objetivos: Este estudo investigou a expressão de cell division cycle-7 em tumores de glândulas salivares benignos e malignos e também sua correlação com fatores clínico-patológicos. Método: A expressão imuno-histoquímica de cell division cycle-7 foi avaliada em 46 casos, incluindo 15 carcinomas adenoide císticos, 12 carcinomas mucoepidermoides, 14 adenomas pleomórficos e 5 glândulas salivares normais. A taxa de expressão e a intensidade da proteína cell division cycle-7 foram comparadas estatisticamente. Resultados: A proteína foi expressa em quase todos os tumores. A intensidade e a média da expressão de cell division cycle-7 foram maiores em tumores malignos em comparação com adenoma pleomórfico (p = 0,000). A expressão da proteína foi correlacionada com os graus do tumor (p = 0,000). Conclusões: O presente estudo demonstrou a superexpressão de cell division cycle-7 em tumores malignos de glândulas salivares quando comparada com o adenoma pleomórfico, além de uma correlação com a diferenciação de tumores. Portanto, essa proteína pode ser um potencial marcador prognóstico e terapêutico para tumores de glândulas salivares.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Salivary Gland Neoplasms/pathology , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/analysis , Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/pathology , Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/pathology , Adenoma, Pleomorphic/pathology , Cell Cycle Proteins/analysis , Prognosis , Reference Values , Immunohistochemistry , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis , Case-Control Studies , Cell Differentiation , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent event after cardiac surgery with increased mortality and morbidity. We explored frequency, risk factors, and associated morbidity and mortality of AKI after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery at a single institution. Methods: All consecutive adults undergoing CABG surgery from March 2013 to October 2016 were assessed for development and severity of AKI based on Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria. The patients were also investigated regarding their need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), predictive risk factors, and associated outcomes, including duration of mechanical ventilation, mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay. Results: Of 1737 patients in the study, 275 (15.8%) developed AKI. Twenty-five (12.8%) cases required RRT. Patients with AKI had longer ventilation time, ICU and hospital length of stay (P<0.001). Mortality rates were 28 (10.2%) and 22 (1.5%) in patients with and without AKI, respectively (P<0.001). There was a strong association between advanced age (aOR=1.016, 95% CI=1.002-1.030, P=0.028), diabetes (aOR=1.36, 95% CI=1.022-1.809, P=0.035), on-pump surgery (aOR=2.63, 95% CI=1.543-4.483, P<0.001), transfusion of more than 1 unit of red blood cells (aOR=2.154, 95% CI=1.237-3.753, P=0.007), and prolonged mechanical ventilation and development of AKI (aOR=2.697, 95% CI=1.02407.071, P<0.001). AKI was seen less frequently in those with opium abuse (aOR=0.613, 95% CI=0.409-0.921, P=0.018). Conclusion: We demonstrated that advanced age, diabetes, on-pump surgery, red blood cell transfusion, and prolonged mechanical ventilation were independent positive risk factors for the development of AKI after isolated CABG while opium abuse was a protective factor.
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Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Middle Aged , Aged , Coronary Artery Bypass/adverse effects , Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Reference Values , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Respiration, Artificial/mortality , Time Factors , Coronary Artery Bypass/mortality , Multivariate Analysis , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Treatment Outcome , Hospital Mortality , Statistics, Nonparametric , Risk Assessment/methods , Acute Kidney Injury/mortality , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Length of Stay/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Background: High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been reported from Pakistan. Association of sociodemographic factors with vitamin D status has received little attention in this region. Therefore, we embarked on investigating the relationship of sociodemographic factors with vitamin D levels in a healthy Pakistani population. Venous blood from 226 healthy participants [age range 19-69 years] was collected and analyzed for serum concentrations of 25[OH] vitamin D [25[OH]D] and other related biomarkers. Demographic characteristics of the study participants were collected. Vitamin D deficiency [25[OH]D levels less than 20 ng/ml] was found to be 75% in this cohort. Gender, sunlight exposure and monthly household income emerged as predictors of hypovitaminosis D. Mean serum 25[OH]D levels in the groups with monthly household income less than Pakistani Rupees [PKR] 20,000, between PKR 20,000-50,000 and above PKR 50,000 were found to be 11.0+/-7.5, 13.9+/-9.6 and16.9+/-11.7 ng/ml, respectively. Using logistic regression the odds of having vitamin D deficiency was 3.22 [95% CI, 1.65-6.28] in the group with household income less than PKR 50,000 per month compared to the group with household income more than PKR 50,000 per month when the model was adjusted for gender and exposure to sunlight. There is an association between household income and hypovitaminosis D in a healthy Pakistani population
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Abstract Introduction: The association between psychological well-being and physical and mental health has been shown in the literature. Psychological well-being is a multifaceted concept. The World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is a 5-item instrument used to screen for depression. However, the validity of the WHO-5 has not been investigated in Iranian psychiatric or psychological settings. Objective: To investigate the validation of the Farsi version of the WHO-5 in a sample of Iranian psychiatric outpatients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 116 Iranian volunteer psychiatric outpatients selected from the psychiatric and psychological clinics at the School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health - Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences. Patients completed the WHO-5, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), and the short form of the Beck Depression Inventory-13 (BDI-13). Results: The mean score of the WHO-5 was 8.95 (standard deviation [SD] = 5.49). Cronbach's α for the WHO-5 was 0.91. The WHO-5 negatively correlated with PHQ-9 (-0.358), PHQ-15 (-0.328), and BDI-13 (-0.475), indicating good validity. Factor analysis of the WHO-5 items identified one factor labeled psychological well-being. Conclusions: The WHO-5 has a single dimensional structure and acceptable psychometric parameters. The results of this study suggest that WHO-5 can be used in a clinical context in Iran.
Resumo Introdução: A associação entre bem-estar psicológico e saúde física e mental tem sido demonstrada na literatura. Bem-estar psicológico é um conceito multifacetado. O World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) é um instrumento composto por 5 itens utilizado para avaliar depressão. No entanto, a validade do WHO-5 não foi investigada em contextos psiquiátricos ou psicológicos iranianos. Objetivo: Investigar a validade da versão persa do WHO-5 em uma amostra de pacientes psiquiátricos ambulatoriais iranianos. Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi conduzido com uma amostra de conveniência composta por 116 pacientes psiquiátricos ambulatoriais iranianos voluntários selecionados nas clínicas psiquiátrica e psicológica da School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Iran University of Medical Sciences. Os pacientes completaram o WHO-5, o Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), o Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) e a versão abreviada do Beck Depression Inventory-13 (BDI-13). Resultados: O escore médio obtido no WHO-5 foi de 8,95 (desvio padrão = 5,49). O alfa de Cronbach para o WHO-5 foi 0,91. O WHO-5 se correlacionaram negativamente com o PHQ-9 (-0,358), o PHQ-15 (-0,328) e o BDI-13 (-0,475), indicando validade adequada. A análise fatorial dos itens do WHO-5 identificaram um único fator, a saber, bem-estar psicológico. Conclusão: O WHO-5 tem uma estrutura dimensional única e parâmetros psicométricos aceitáveis. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o WHO-5 pode ser usado em contextos clínicos no Irã.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Outpatients , Psychometrics , Translating , World Health Organization , Cross-Sectional Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Patient Health Questionnaire , Iran , Mental Disorders/diagnosisABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: The European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation II (EuroSCORE II) is a prediction model which maps 18 predictors to a 30-day post-operative risk of death concentrating on accurate stratification of candidate patients for cardiac surgery. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the performance of the EuroSCORE II risk-analysis predictions among patients who underwent heart surgeries in one area of Iran. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to collect the required variables for all consecutive patients who underwent heart surgeries at Emam Reza hospital, Northeast Iran between 2014 and 2015. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify covariates which significantly contribute to higher EuroSCORE II in our population. External validation was performed by comparing the real and expected mortality using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for discrimination assessment. Also, Brier Score and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test were used to show the overall performance and calibration level, respectively. Results: Two thousand five hundred eight one (59.6% males) were included. The observed mortality rate was 3.3%, but EuroSCORE II had a prediction of 4.7%. Although the overall performance was acceptable (Brier score=0.047), the model showed poor discriminatory power by AUC=0.667 (sensitivity=61.90, and specificity=66.24) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P<0.01). Conclusion: Our study showed that the EuroSCORE II discrimination power is less than optimal for outcome prediction and less accurate for resource allocation programs. It highlights the need for recalibration of this risk stratification tool aiming to improve post cardiac surgery outcome predictions in Iran.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Risk Assessment/methods , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/mortality , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , ROC Curve , Cohort Studies , IranABSTRACT
The present study aimed to evaluate the cinnamic acid effect on memory impairment, oxidative stress, and cholinergic dysfunction in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model in mice. In this experimental study, 48 male Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice (30–35 g) were chosen and were randomly divided into six groups: control, cinnamic acid (20 mg/kg day, i.p. ), diabetic, and cinnamic acid-treated diabetic (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg day, i.p. ). Memory was impaired by administering an intraperitoneal STZ injection of 50 mg/kg. Cinnamic acid was injected for 40 days starting from the 21st day after confirming STZ-induced dementia to observe its therapeutic effect. Memory function was assessed using cross-arm maze, morris water maze and passive avoidance test. After the administration, biochemical parameters of oxidative stress and cholinergic function were estimated in the brain. Present data indicated that inducing STZ caused significant memory impairment, whereas administration of cinnamic acid caused significant and dose-dependent memory improvement. Assessment of brain homogenates indicated cholinergic dysfunction, increase in lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and decrease in glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the diabetic group compared to the control animals, whereas cinnamic acid administration ameliorated these indices in the diabetic mice. The present study demonstrated that cinnamic acid improves memory by reducing the oxidative stress and cholinergic dysfunction in the brain of diabetic mice.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Mice , Academies and Institutes , Brain , Catalase , Dementia , Glutathione , Lipid Peroxidation , Memory Disorders , Memory , Oxidative Stress , Reactive Oxygen Species , Streptozocin , Superoxide Dismutase , WaterABSTRACT
Pulmonary fibrosis, a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs mainly in older adults, is a serious health threat with few effective treatment options. The etiological aspects of pulmonary fibrosis remain unknown, though some factors such as cigarette smoking, viral infections, surfactant protein polymorphisms, and chronic or high doses use of certain drugs are considered to be risk factors for the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. No standard treatments have been introduced in clinic yet. Although glucocorticoids and antioxidant drugs have been administered, the severe and broad-spectrum adverse effects of glucocorticoids limit their use. Efforts to identify novel therapeutic agents with improved safety profiles are therefore ongoing. In this review, the authors have described the effects of herbal extracts and compounds and certain pharmacological agents on pulmonary fibrosis in animal models. These effects indicate that herbs are a promising source of compounds that can play pivotal roles in the treatment of lung fibrosis.
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Background and Objective: Lactic acid is widely used in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The major problems associated with lactic acid production are substrate and end-product inhibition, and by-product formation. Membrane technology represents one of the most effective processes for lactic acid production. The aim of this work is to increase cell density and lactic acid productivity due to reduced inhibition effect of substrate and product in membrane bioreactor
Material and Methods: In this work, lactic acid was produced from lactose in membrane bioreactor. A laboratory scale membrane bioreactor was designed and fabricated. Five types of commercial membranes were tested at the same operating conditions [transmembrane pressure: 500 KPa and temperature: 25[degree sign]C]. The effects of initial lactose concentration and dilution rate on biomass growth, lactic acid production and substrate utilization were evaluated
Results and Conclusion: The high lactose retention of 79% v v[-1] and low lactic acid retention of 22% v v[-1] were obtained with NF1 membrane; therefore, this membrane was selected for membrane bioreactor. The maximal productivity of 17.1 g l[-1] h[-1] was obtained with the lactic acid concentration of 71.5 g l[-1] at the dilution rate of 0.24 h[?1]. The maximum concentration of lactic acid was obtained at the dilution rate of 0.04 h[?1]. The inhibiting effect of lactic acid was not observed at high initial lactose concentration. The critical lactose concentration at which the cell growth severely hampered was 150 g l[-1]. This study proved that membrane bioreactor had great advantages such as elimination of substrate and product inhibition, high concentration of process substrate, high cell density, and high lactic acid productivity
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Statement of the Problem: Porcelain laminate veneer is an esthetic restoration used as an alternative to full veneer crowns and requires minimal tooth preparation. In restoration with porcelain laminate veneers, both the longevity of the laminate and conservation of the sound tooth structure are imperative
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the shear bond strength of porcelain laminates to prepared- and unprepared- anterior teeth in order to compare their longevity and success rate
Materials and Method: Thirty extracted maxillary central incisors were randomly divided into 3 groups regarding their preparation methods. The preparation methods were full-preparation in group A, full-preparation and finishing with fine diamond bur in group B, and no-preparation, only grinding with diamond bur in group C. After conditioning the teeth, ceramic veneers [IP S e.max] were silanated and then cemented with DuoLink luting cement. The shear bond strength was measured for each group and failure mode was determined by stereomicroscopic examination
Results: Group C exhibited the highest shear bond strength. The shear bond strength was significantly different between groups C and B [p< 0.05]. However, the difference between group A and C was insignificant, as was the difference between group A and B [p> 0.05]. Adhesion failure mode was found to be more common than the cohesive mode
Conclusion: Regarding the shear bond strength of unprepared anterior teeth to porcelain laminate veneers yielded by this study, no-preparation veneers might be used when the enamel is affected by wearing, trauma, or abrasion. It can also be used in patients who refuse the treatments which involve tooth reduction and preparation
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Several complications during childhood is associated with nutritional status of infants at birth. Therefore, nutritional status of newborns must be evaluated properly after birth. Assessment of the nutritional status of neonates based on anthropometric and physical indices is simple and inexpensive without the need for advanced medical equipment. However, no previous studies have focused on the assessment methods of the nutritional status of infants via anthropometric and physical indices. This study aimed to review some of the key methods used to determine the nutritional status of neonates using anthropometric and physical indices. To date, most studies have focused on the diagnosis of fetal malnutrition [FM] and growth monitoring. In order to diagnose FM, researchers have used growth charts and Ponderal index [PI] based on anthropometric indices, as well as Clinical Assessment of Nutritional [CAN] Score based on physical features. Moreover, in order to assess the growth status of infants, growth charts were used. According to the findings of this study, standard intrauterine growth curves and the PI are common measurement tools in the diagnosis of FM. Furthermore, CAN score is widely used in the evaluation of the nutritional status of neonates. Given the differences in the physical features of term and preterm infants, this index should be adjusted for preterm neonates. Longitudinal growth charts are one of the most prominent methods used for monitoring of the growth patterns of infants
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Introduction: The presence of pathogenic microbial agents and pathogens in organic fertilizers causes health problems and disease transmission. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify bacterial and fungal species present in vermicompost production
Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted in pilot scale in the laboratory of Public Health School in Shahid Sadoughi Univerity of Yazd. Sesame crust obtained from sesame pudding factory and cow manure mixed in three reactors with the dimension of 50 x 30 x 15 cm were used and went under the vermicompost process. Another reactor was also provided from cow manure as the control variable. Treatments were studied simultaneously during 60 days. Experiments were conducted to detect bacterial and fungal species
Results: Totally 18 species of negative-gram bacterial species, i.e., Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella Paratayfi A, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia alkali Fasyns, Klebsiella oxy-Toka, Ponomonya Klebsiella, Citrobacter frondii, Citrobacter Diorsus, Serratia Marsns, Hafnya Olovia, pseudomalle Burkholderia, Enterobacter Peinous, Enterobacter Anrogenious, Enterobacter de Solonos, as well as Neisseria polysakarya, and 3 positive-gram bacterial species, i.e., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Isteria monocytogenes grew. Overally, a total of five fungi species; Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium, Penicillium, yeasts, and Unknown fungal species grew
Conclusion: The results of this study showed that presence of the organism in vermicompost depends on various factors, such as the action of enzymes of gut earthworms, coelomic fluid secretion, as well as competition between different groups of microorganisms
Subject(s)
Manure/microbiology , Cattle , Gram-Negative Bacteria , Bacteria , Fungi , Fertilizers/microbiology , CompostingABSTRACT
Delirium is an acute neurological state branded as confusion, distraction, and varied consciousness. Other symptoms include disorientation, memory impairment, perceptual disturbances, altered psycho-motor activity, and sleep disturbances. Oilman was the first person to report delirium as a complication of cardiac surgery in 1965. Despite peri-operative advancements, including both surgical and anesthetic, delirium is a frequent post cardiac surgery complication. Delirium is a common menace in the cardiac surgical ICU and outcome consequences of greater number of morbidity and mortality. Recent research has identified possible hazards for the occurrence of delirium and strategies to treat it. However, more studies are required to standardize the risk factors, its occurrence and treatment strategies in post cardiac surgical patients
Subject(s)
Humans , Postoperative Complications , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , MorbidityABSTRACT
Introduction: Research shows that there is a relationship between students' perceptions of classroom and learning environment and their cognitive, affective, emotional and behavioral outcomes, so, in this study the relationship between medical students' perception of learning environment and academic emotions was examined
Methods: The research method used was descriptive-correlativeÒ Stratified sampling method was used to select 342 participants. They completed self-report questionnaires of Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure [DREEM] and Achievement Emotions Questionnaire [AEQ]. All descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlations and simultaneous multiple regression were performed using SPSS 14 software
Results: Simultaneous multiple regression of the students'perceived learning environment on their academic achievement emotions showed that the perceived learning environment predicts the students' academic emotions
Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that caring for and supportive learning environment can increase the students'positive emotions and decrease their academic negative emotions [i.e. anxiety, shame, and hopelessness]. Implications of the results are discussed